博士研究生入学考试英语模拟试卷二
Section Ⅰ Vocabulary
Directions:
There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
1.We will not be held responsible for any damage which results______rough handling.
A.from
B.off
C.in
D.to
2.In order to obtain the needed information,you should write simply,clearly,and concisely______the reader wants to know.
A.what
B.that
C.so that
D.which
3.This silk has gone right______and we have not sold a single piece of it for weeks.
A.out of fad
B.out of pattern
C.out of custom
D.out of fashion
4.When they returned to the river,they found that the boat had______away.
A.framed
B.frosted
C.frowned
D.floated
5.His answer was so confused that I could hardly make any______of it at all.
A.explanation
B.meaning
C.sense
D.interpretation
6. The moon, being much nearer to the Earth than the Sun, is the______cause of the tide.
A. principal
B. basic
C. initial
D. elementary
7. As the manager was away on a business trip, I was asked to______the weekly staff meeting.
A. preside
B. introduce
C. chair
D. dominate
8. The patient's progress was very encouraging as he could______get out of bed without help.
A. nearly
B. hardly
C. merely
D. barely
9. With______exceptions, the former president does not appear in public now.
A. rare
B. unusual
C. extraordinary
D. unique
10. As my examinations are coming next week, I'll take advantage of the weekend to______on some reading.
A. catch up
B. clear up
C. make up
D. pick up
11.When he arrived,he found______the aged and the sick at home.
A.none but
B.none other than
C.nothing but
D.no other than
12.Which sport has the most expenses______training equipment,players' personal equipment and uniforms?
A.in place of
B.in terms of
C.by means of
D.by way of
13.They are going to have the serviceman______an electric fan in the office tomorrow.
A.install
B.to install
C.to be installed
D.installed
14.I'm sure he is up to the job______he would give his mind to it.
A.if only
B.in case
C.until
D.unless
15.She was complaining that the doctor was______too much for the treatment he was giving her.
A.expending
B.offering
C.costing
D.charging
16.The manager spoke highly of such______as loyalty,courage and truthfulness shown by his employees.
A.virtues
B.features
C.properties
D.characteristics
17.Since the matter was extremely______,we dealt with it immediately.
A.tough
B.tense
C.urgent
D.instant
18.______seeing the damage he had done,the child felt ashamed.
A.By
B.On
C.At
D.For
19.Remember that customers don't______about prices in that city.
A.debate
B.consult
C.dispute
D.bargain
20.I hope that you'll be more careful in typing the letter.Don't______anything.
A.lack
B.withdraw
C.omit
D.leak
Section Ⅱ Cloze
Directions:
There are 10 blanks in the following passage.For each blank there are four choices marked A,B,C and D respectively beneath the passage.You should choose the ONE that is most appropriate.Then blacken your answer in the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET 1 with a single line through the center.
A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide—the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor.And that 21 does exist today.My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago.What was less invisible then,however,were the new,positive 22 that work against the digital divide.Actually,there are reasons to be 23 .
There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow.As the Internet becomes more and more 24 ,it is in the interest of business to universalize access—after all,the more people online,the more potential 25 there are.More and more enterprises,afraid their countries will be left 26 ,want to spread Internet access.Within the next decade or two,one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together.As a result,I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead.And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for 27 world poverty that we've ever had.
Of course,the use of the Internet isn't the only way to defeat poverty.And the Internet is not the only tool we have.But it has big potential.
To 28 advantage of this tool,some poor countries will have to get over their outdated anticolonial prejudices 29 respect to foreign investment.Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of 30 (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States.When the United States built its industrial infrastructure,it didn't have the capital to do so.And that is why America's Second Wave infrastructure—concerning roads,harbors,highways,ports and so on—were built with foreign investment.
21.A.divide B.intonation C.world D.lecture
22.A.forces B.obstacles C.events D.surprises
23.A.negative B.optimistic C.pleasant D.disappointed
24.A.developed B.centralized C.realized D.commercialized
25.A.users B.producers C.customers D.citizens
26.A.away B.for C.aside D.behind
27.A.containing B.preventing C.keeping D.combating
28.A.bring B.keep C.hold D.take
29.A.at B.with C.of D.for
30.A.construction B.facility C.infrastructure D.institution
Section Ⅲ Reading Comprehension
Directions:
Read the following four passages.Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
1
What are those of us who have chosen careers in science and engineering able to do about our current problems?
First,we can help destroy the false impression that science and engineering have caused the current world trouble.On the contrary,science and engineering have made vast contributions to better living for more people.
Second,we can identify the many areas in which science and technology,more considerably used,can be of great service in the future than in the past to improve the quality of life.While we can make many speeches,and pass many laws,the quality of our environment will be improved only through better knowledge and better application of that knowledge.
Third,we can recognize that much of the dissatisfaction we suffer today results from our very successes of former years.We have been so greatly successful in attaining material goals that we are deeply dissatisfied that we cannot attain other goals more rapidly.We have achieved a better life for most people,but we are unhappy that we have not spread it to all people.We have reduced many sources of environmental disasters,but we are unhappy that we have not conquered all of them.It is our raised expectations rather than our failures which now cause our distress.
Granted that many of our current problems must be cured more by social,political,and economic instruments than science and technology,yet science and technology must still be the tools to make further advances in such things as clean air,clean water,better transportation,better medical care,more adequate welfare programs,purer food,conservation resources,and many other areas.
31.The author thinks that science and technology______.
A.have caused the current world problems
B.have made life better for more people
C.will,if not in the past,better people's life in the future
D.can not bring a better life for most people
32.According to the author,to improve the quality of environment,it is important to______.
A.call on the public to action
B.pass related law
C.eliminate the destructive effect of science and technology
D.use better knowledge of science and technology
33.We are not satisfied because______.
A.science and technology have created many social problems
B.science and technology have brought about many environmental disasters
C.science and technology have made us more distressed
D.we expect too much of science and technology at present
34.The author believes that our current problems can be better solved by______.
A.social,political,and economic means
B.advances in science and technology
C.effective law-making
D.both A and B
35.The author points out that______.
A.attention should be given to some areas of science and technology to better people's life
B.we should not expect science and technology to improve living conditions for all the people
C.social political and economical means should not interfere with the advances in science and technology
D.we should not use science and technology to achieve material goals
2
A controversy erupted in the scientific community in early 1998 over the use of DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid)fingerprinting in criminal investigations.DNA fingerprinting was introduced in 1987 as a method to identify individuals based on a pattern seen in their DNA, the molecule of which genes are made.DNA is present in every cell of the body except red blood cells.DNA fingerprinting has been used successfully in various ways, such as to determine paternity where it is not clear who the father of a particular child is.However, it is in the area of criminal investigations that DNA fingerprinting has potentially powerful and controversial uses.
DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized criminal investigations by giving investigators powerful new tools in the attempt to prove guilt, not just establish innocence.When used in criminal investigations, a DNA fingerprint pattern from a suspect is compared with a DNA fingerprint pattern obtained from such material as hairs or blood found at the scene of a crime.A match between the two DNA samples can be used as evidence to convict a suspect.
The controversy in 1998 stemmed from a report published in December 1991 by population geneticists Richard C.Lewontin of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass., and Daniel L.Hartl called into question the methods to calculate how likely it is that a match between two DNA fingerprints might occur by chance alone.In particular, they argued that the current method cannot properly determine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they came from the same individual rather than simply from two different individuals who are members of the same ethnic group.Lewontin and Hartl called for better surveys of DNA patterns methods.
In response to their criticisms, population geneticists Ranajit Chakraborty of the University of Texas in Dallas and Kenneth K.Kidd of Yale University in New Haven, Conn., argued that enough data are already available to show that the methods currently being used are adequate.In January 1998, however, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and laboratories that conduct DNA tests announced that they would collect additional DNA samples from various ethnic groups in an attempt to resolve some of these questions.And, in April, a National Academy of Sciences called for strict standards and system of accreditation for DNA testing laboratories.
36.Before DNA fingerprinting is used, suspects______.
A.would have to leave their fingerprints for further investigations
B.would have to submit evidence for their innocence
C.could easily escape conviction of guilt
D.could be convicted of guilt as well
37.DNA fingerprinting can be unreliable when______.
A.the methods used for blood-cell calculation are not accurate
B.two different individuals of the same ethnic group may have the same DNA fingerprinting pattern
C.a match is by chance left with fingerprints that happen to belong to two different individuals
D.two different individuals leave two DNA samples
38.To geneticists like Lewontin and Hartl, the current method______.
A.is not so convincing as to exclude the likelihood that two DNA samples can never come from two individuals
B.is arguable because two individuals of the same ethnic group are likely to have the same DNA pattern
C.is not based on adequate scientific theory of genetics
D.is theoretically contradictory to what they have been studying
39.The attitude of the Federal Bureau of Investigation shows that______.
A.enough data are yet to be collected from various ethnic groups to confirm the unlikelihood of two DNA samples coming from two individual members
B.enough data of DNA samples should be collected to confirm that only DNA samples from the same person can match
C.enough data are yet to be collected from various ethnic groups to determine the likelihood of two different DNA samples coming from the same person
D.additional samples from various ethnic groups should be collected to determine that two DNA samples are unlikely to come from the same person
40.National Academy of Sciences holds the stance that______.
A.DNA testing should be systematized
B.only authorized laboratories can conduct DNA testing
C.the academy only is authorized to work out standards for testing
D.the academy has the right to accredit laboratories for DNA testing
3
The rise of“temp”work has further magnified the decreasing rights and alienation of the worker.It is common corporate practice to phase out full-time employees and hire temporary workers to take on more workload in less time.When facing a pressing deadline,a corporation may pay $15～$20 per hour for a temp worker,but the temp worker will only see $7 or $8 of that money.The rest goes to temp agency,which is usually a corporate chain,such as Kelly Services,that blatantly makes its profits off other people's labor.This increases profits of the corporations because they can increase a workload,get rid of the employee when they're finished,and not worry about paying benefits or unemployment for that employee.I have had to work with temps a few times in my current position,and the workers only want one thing—a full-time job with benefits.We really wanted to hire one temp I was working with,but we could not offer her a full-time job because it would have been a breach in our contract with the temp agency that employed her.To hire a temp full-time,we would have had to pay the agency over a thousand dollars.Through this practice and policy,the temp agency locks its temporary workers into a horrible new form of servitude from which the workers cannot break free.
Furthermore,corporate powers push workers to take on bigger workloads,work longer hours,and accept less benefits by instilling a paranoia in their workforce.The capitalist bosses assume dishonesty,disloyalty,and laziness amongst workers,and they breed a sense of guilt and fear through their assumptions.Where guilt doesn't seep in,bitterness,anger,and depression take over,the highest priorities of Big Business are to increase profits and limit liabilities.Personal relations and human needs are last on their list of priorities.So what we see is a huge mass of people who are alienated,distempered,overworked,mentally and physically ill and who spend the vast majority of their time and energy on their basic survival.They are denied a chance to really“love,”because they are forced to make profits for the capitalists in power.
41.Which of the following can NOT be listed as a reason for corporations' hiring temporary workers and phasing out full-time employees?
A.Corporations intend to leave more workload to temporary workers.
B.Temp workers are generally well-trained and can achieve high efficiency.
C.Corporations can reduce their production cost by employing temp workers.
D.Corporations can benefit a great deal from keeping a small full-time work force.
42.According to the first paragraph,which statement is true?
A.Temp workers seem to be satisfied with their conditions.
B.Temp agencies have made it possible for temp workers.
C.Temp workers are fairly paid by their agencies.
D.It's difficult for temp workers to be employed as full-time workers.
43.The main purpose of the last paragraph is to______.
A.show how much the capitalist bosses distrust temp workers
B.reveal that temp workers are living in misery
C.arouse reader's hatred for the capitalists
D.severely criticize the ignorance of the temp workers
44.The author's attitude toward the temp workers can be described as______.
A.amicable
B.depressed
C.sympathetic
D.hostile
45.The word“liabilities”in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to______.
A.risks in hiring temp workers
B.duties distributed to workers
C.responsibilities shared by temp workers
D.considerations offered to temp workers
4
Once upon a time,innovation at Procter & Gamble flowed one way：from the United States outward.While the large Cincinnati-based corporation was no stranger to foreign markets,it usually sold them products that were already familiar to most Americans.Many Japanese families,for instance,swaddle their babies in Pampers diapers,and lots of Venezuelans brush their teeth with Crest.And of course (company executives assumed) Americans at home wanted these same familiar,red-white and blue brands.We might buy foreign-made cars,or chocolates,or cameras but household cleaners and detergents?
Recently,however,P&G broke with this long-standing tradition.Ariel,a P&G laundry detergent,was born overseas,and is a familiar sight on store shelves in Europe and Latin America.Now bilingual packages of Ariel Ultra,a super-concentrated cleaner,are appearing on supermarket shelves in Los Angeles.
Ariel's appearance in the United States reflects demographic changes making Hispanics the nation's fastest-growing ethnic group.Ariel is a hit with this population.In fact,many Mexican immigrants living in Southern California have been“importing”Ariel from Tijuana,Mexico.“Hispanics knew this product and wanted it,”says P&G spokeswoman Marie Salvado.“We realized that we couldn't convince them to buy (our) other laundry detergents.”P&G hopes that non-Hispanic consumers will give Ariel a try too.
Ariel's already strong presence in Europe may provide a springboard for the company to expand into other markets as well.Recently P&G bought Rakona,Czechoslovakia's top detergent maker.Ariel,currently a top seller in Germany,is likely to be one of the first new brands to appear in Czech supermarkets.And Ariel is not the only foreign idea that the company hopes to transplant back to its home territory.Cinch,an all-purpose spray cleaner similar to popular European products,is currently being test-marketed in California and Arizona.Traditionally Americans have used separate cleaners for different types of surfaces,but market research shows that American preferences are becoming more like those in other countries.
Insiders note that this new reverse flow of innovation reflects more sweeping changes at Procter & Gamble.The firm has hired many new Japanese,German,and Mexican managers who view P&G's business not as a one-way flow of American ideas,but a two-way exchange with other markets.Says Bonita Austin of the investment firm Wertheim-Schroeder,“When you met with P&G's top managers years ago,you wouldn't have seen a single foreign face.”Today,“they could even be in the majority.”
As Procter & Gamble has found,the United States is no longer an isolated market.Americans are more open than ever before to buying foreign-made products and to selling U.S.-made products overseas.
46.According to the passage,which of the following is true?
A.The brands of Pampers,Crest,Ariel,and Cinch reflect the one-way flow tradition of Procter & Gamble.
B.In spite of market changes,Procter & Gamble still sticks to its long-standing tradition of one-way flow innovation.
C.Procter & Gamble has to change its one-way flow tradition because of the increased number of its foreign managers.
D.Today one may meet more foreign faces in Procter & Gamble than years ago.
47.According to the passage,all of the following are true about Ariel except______.
A.it is the best seller in Czechoslovakia
B.it is a laundry detergent product of Procter & Gamble
C.Ariel was born outside the United States
D.it already enjoys popularity in Europe
48.The“insider”(Line 1,Para.5) is most probably______.
A.someone who buys both Ariel and Cinch
B.someone who works within Procter & Gamble or knows it fairly well
C.someone who is a loyal customer of Ariel
D.someone who once worked within Rakona
49.According to the passage,Procter & Gamble hopes to transplant foreign idea back to its home territory because______.
A.Americans are more likely to buy foreign-made products than before
B.for most Americans foreign products are much more attractive than home-made ones
C.the company has found that foreign-made products are superior to home-made ones in terms of quality
D.the company has hired more foreigners in its top management than before
50.The author may most probably agree that______.
A.it is a trend that businesses today go global
B.businesses today are very reluctant to go global
C.American businesses can make more money if they only sell home-made products
D.the market of the United States should not be that open
Section Ⅳ Translation
Directions:
In this section there is a passage in English.Translate the five sentences underlined into Chinese and write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.
51. When you are in the business of sending spacecraft to other planets,it is probably wise to do everything you can to keep your space-probes sterile（无菌的）. NASA,America's space agency,certainly does so.After all,you would not want bugs from one planet to contaminate another where they might possibly thrive.
But according to Curt Mileikowsky,of the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm,this may already have happened naturally billions of years ago when the solar system was young.For Dr.Mileikowsky has taken a century-old idea called panspermia （有生源说）,and shown that it is plausible.
52. Panspermia is the theory that life does not start independently on each planet that has it (assuming that other planets do).Rather,it hops from place to place,“infecting”new worlds as it goes. Supported by experts in biology,geology and celestial mechanics,Dr.Mileikowsky argued to the American Astronomical Society meeting in Atlanta that this is not as outlandish as it sounds.
53. Bungling（笨手笨脚的） space organizations apart,the only mode of travel open to microbes seems to be meteorites（流星）.Most of these are small bits of junk from the asteroid（小行星） belt that have gone off course. But some are rocks that have been flung into space from the surfaces of planets as a result of those planets having been struck by even larger bits of rock—decent-sized asteroids or comets.
54. If there is life on such a planet,microscopic forms of it will probably live deep inside rocks,as they do on earth.The acceleration of lift-off would not kill something that size.
55. If a rock is large enough,the heat generated as it is thrown clear will be negligible except at its surface—where,if anything,melting may even produce an airtight skin to protect any microbes deeper down from the unpleasant vacuum of space.
Section Ⅴ Writing
Directions:
Nowadays we can see American films and TV programs pouring in,fast food restaurants popping up in our cities,and many other imported products dominating our markets.Many people are happy to see them whereas others worry about such trends.Give your opinion in an essay of no less than 250 words.