![2017年全国执业兽医资格考试通关宝典·临床兽医学部分](https://wfqqreader-1252317822.image.myqcloud.com/cover/940/29975940/b_29975940.jpg)
第六章 消化系统检查
考纲考点:(1)饮食状态异常表现及提示的临床意义(反刍动物及单胃动物);(2)反刍、嗳气、呕吐检查;(3)反刍动物各个胃检查的方法及临床意义;(4)动物腹围增大的临床意义;(5)单胃动物腹部触诊检查的内容及意义;(6)动物排粪动作、粪便检查内容及临床意义;(7)大动物直肠检查的内容。
一、饮食状态观察
(一)食欲与饮欲
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/B3FF31/16499776904696806/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/img00040001.jpg?sign=1739353192-QWbmt08svMKzyv5m0M0Qr9NLfrzg0UvE-0-6dcf1ddc12b8878e2ab6d771481b92d3)
(二)采食、咀嚼和吞咽障碍
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/B3FF31/16499776904696806/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/img00040002.jpg?sign=1739353192-7FIHqyJ94IrdiusUeAJQ3BX4ZkMn5VRv-0-1f0d2198cf6578e36c545cf43c707c4b)
(三)反刍、嗳气检查
1.反刍检查
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/B3FF31/16499776904696806/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/img00040003.jpg?sign=1739353192-SUtsnGhFRXKAiKYeqqcDo2NwhiS3yCbN-0-edbf3258453e8d5efd8deeb7563dcf6f)
2.嗳气检查
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/B3FF31/16499776904696806/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/img00040004.jpg?sign=1739353192-1nH22UzqkP7i70W15mvs6ia61IwVti5d-0-52fbb3d577365560e0ad46f9229fe830)
(四)呕吐检查
1.呕吐的原因分类
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/B3FF31/16499776904696806/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/img00041001.jpg?sign=1739353192-48187ufJB85NtEhUF3LbtnoFQ4GcpGTa-0-8a324a890a740b5420bfd31a450dc2a7)
2.呕吐检查的内容
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/B3FF31/16499776904696806/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/img00041002.jpg?sign=1739353192-7jugq87ebrKPmznshof8PmfA6UQsFzfV-0-338b6d3a64fd263c17fbe894588469d5)
二、上部消化道检查
(一)口腔检查
1.流涎
唾液分泌增多(刺激因素)或唾液吞咽障碍(阻碍因素)所致。
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/B3FF31/16499776904696806/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/img00041003.jpg?sign=1739353192-i85bCBHADYC0tRtTQsQgAPpchAJxjphw-0-d257ff23f53804cd3182ae7b7e85dfe0)
2.口腔的内部检查
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/B3FF31/16499776904696806/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/img00041004.jpg?sign=1739353192-Bq2qlsU3YNwIoudIv1irtEYnNMN89ALW-0-99e1ee904326510835f3b9d21db3f95f)
(二)食道及嗉囊
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/B3FF31/16499776904696806/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/img00041005.jpg?sign=1739353192-4JWiLVw3VzhVZUQpWNSgQfJLX27IE4ls-0-3aa997d92d9de6d2d802a76770428117)
三、腹部及胃肠检查
(一)腹围变化
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/B3FF31/16499776904696806/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/img00042001.jpg?sign=1739353192-ryEBympcSEyiLgkCNgETz5bVagtZjP20-0-520921d228e6e29fe19dae3993db01a0)
(二)反刍动物前胃、皱胃及肠道检查
1.瘤胃检查
瘤胃体积庞大(成年牛占胃的80%),占据左侧腹腔大部分,密贴左侧腹壁。瘤胃检查方法包括视诊、触诊、叩诊、听诊,还可用瘤胃描记、瘤胃手术探查及瘤胃液的实验室检查等辅助手段,其中临床以触诊和听诊为主。
(1)瘤胃内容物的数量和性状
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/B3FF31/16499776904696806/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/img00042002.jpg?sign=1739353192-ZyeVeWp6szVen6jQPGrfimSKPbPNGRbH-0-49e9f3d1f7ca528047e2024e2365b1aa)
(2)瘤胃运动检查
听诊是最主要的瘤胃检查方法,其次触诊。
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/B3FF31/16499776904696806/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/img00042003.jpg?sign=1739353192-fPeOKJUcGf23DrBryz9VDHDKR5l2Hd8b-0-0a47741639e2aa6c466332074bf1f4cd)
(3)瘤胃液检查
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/B3FF31/16499776904696806/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/img00042004.jpg?sign=1739353192-oTuIGw67qZhteE3COI0AjCqMu3OaVZpF-0-5cfc7c625366d48108efccb222bb8429)
2.网胃及瓣胃的检查(参见内科学部分相关疾病)
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/B3FF31/16499776904696806/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/img00042005.jpg?sign=1739353192-MCNCOXcamh84SeJUyp5QlZDuQ6oOwezu-0-e46bd4b8a3d609a671f2d0339e4a303d)
3.反刍动物皱胃(真胃)检查
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/B3FF31/16499776904696806/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/img00043002.jpg?sign=1739353192-uZbxtwkuON91YmOPJCt5DHATaGnZz2xw-0-55b0bef296f8793f71adad02ace06e2c)
常见疾病的异常表现
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/B3FF31/16499776904696806/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/img00043003.jpg?sign=1739353192-RpouPBdEUqs3ivEgBmUI2ienibWZ8Ch8-0-0a36e5636641e8989221a4966a496cba)
4.反刍兽肠道检查
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/B3FF31/16499776904696806/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/img00043004.jpg?sign=1739353192-v2PI5jNbGFmx1lGEr8myS7Fxbgc1OIo6-0-28cb4625c78288832f6407f5f5ab9ab1)
(三)大动物直肠检查
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/B3FF31/16499776904696806/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/img00043005.jpg?sign=1739353192-FHESaJ522QSY5q5Re87d1sCsI7blfhnN-0-85b6917cda9929739ce975d243f0f8de)
(四)犬猫腹部器官检查
1.胃的检查
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/B3FF31/16499776904696806/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/img00043006.jpg?sign=1739353192-QwWupWOlQgR8JKFGE67VzGeSiTxLA7Y6-0-12f46e8e1311cfef9a5086a58b89b71e)
2.肝脏
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/B3FF31/16499776904696806/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/img00043007.jpg?sign=1739353192-rVjYNXOEEzUrxYJVifTvUYFJVcEDyFnW-0-29f36932bbe584b85036921e6ba2cc49)
3.腹部及肠道触诊检查
常见触诊检查变化
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/B3FF31/16499776904696806/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/img00044001.jpg?sign=1739353192-6UGt7rBam87DVGHnQRCqThw14UJ01TUr-0-d687407fe4827cc522d8302baa454494)
(五)猪胃肠检查
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/B3FF31/16499776904696806/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/img00044002.jpg?sign=1739353192-KfdZzzSzFRRMgW2v0rFNa6Nc68FwPsVa-0-0f0fe9e44dc1c87cacc8b017f4bbf7c3)
四、脾脏检查
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/B3FF31/16499776904696806/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/img00044003.jpg?sign=1739353192-wUhe3PfkyPYclvxlBYpPCGCSEFq1MCbE-0-25fa5aaef0eb28b47ee833d22cafb074)
五、排粪动作及粪便检查
(一)排粪动作检查
1.便秘(排粪迟缓)
动物排粪次数减少、排粪费力、排粪量少,粪便质地干硬而色暗,常被覆黏液。主要有饲料性便秘,发热性便秘,环境性便秘,胃肠迟缓性便秘,肠道阻塞性便秘,排粪疼痛性便秘,中毒性便秘,药物性便秘,神经损伤性便秘。肠管完全阻塞时,排粪停止。当牛只排少量白色或黄白色的黏液,伴有腹痛不安,为肠绞窄的特征。
2.腹泻
动物排粪次数增多,排粪量增加,同时粪便不成形,不断排出粥样、液状或水样稀粪,可能带有炎性产物(黏液、黏膜、脓液、伪膜、血液等)。
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/B3FF31/16499776904696806/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/img00044004.jpg?sign=1739353192-USUZKKtkA6atHW94JxlTtLqYKxKXdhOw-0-da0e4d641f800473c2db96d807bba4e2)
3.其他异常排粪动作
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/B3FF31/16499776904696806/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/img00044005.jpg?sign=1739353192-v4vj16WtmnYjgPOWkKzrXWs2wyQTfm2O-0-6200a175d04ac562f4fad68c4af1ecb7)
(二)粪便感官检查
1.粪便形状硬度
取决于饲料种类、饲料含水量、脂肪和纤维素量;与饮水量无关。
2.粪便颜色
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/B3FF31/16499776904696806/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/img00045001.jpg?sign=1739353192-wPDYR2PmjQ4yrUywSLM2cTnOx273cZ62-0-3971f1b92e3fb7e111fe62424aaa91b1)
放牧或喂青草时,粪呈暗绿色;舍饲喂稻草、稿秆时,为黄褐色。
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/B3FF31/16499776904696806/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/img00045002.jpg?sign=1739353192-6rfywf9g07Gg0E40lY2z8kQq1I9a7ILj-0-28419fa17e49d8fe72f329851af7235f)
3.气味、混杂物
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/B3FF31/16499776904696806/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/img00045003.jpg?sign=1739353192-7ZJQ853fvzb9LJcygLTLb1l6pJiNEOMD-0-6b037d89df7086c1ebd15d9f8ae9cc48)
4.化学检查
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/B3FF31/16499776904696806/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/img00045004.jpg?sign=1739353192-kczoL4vJEijQjZlD1waw9U93TLXNZhnk-0-7fb4c66cc0edaf873c13642967b37600)
(沈留红)